Most of us cringe at hearing the word inflation. It takes a toll on everyone's pocketbook, but for many Indonesians, it is also tearing families apart.

Many Indonesian parents are being forced to place their children in orphanages. In a country where 100 million people live on less than a dollar a day, skyrocketing costs of food and fuel are making it difficult for families to feed themselves. Childcare institutions offer the children not only food, but also an education and the chance at a brighter future.

"I know my children are angry with me, but I try to convince them that is the best choice for us.… As a mother I want to take care of my children but I cannot be selfish. I want the best future for them, so I have no choice," said Tinor Niang, a mother who brought her two sons to an orphanage in central Jakarta nine years ago.

Only 6 percent of the 500,000 Indonesian children in childcare institutions are orphans, according to a recent report released by Save the Children in conjunction with UNICEF and the Indonesian government. Many of the institutions were understaffed, the report found, with nearly half running on less than $10,000 a year. When not being schooled, the children were found cooking and cleaning while caring for themselves and those younger than them.

While rising costs put financial pressure on parents, the children bear the price emotionally. "I just want to be with my parents, even if it means I cannot get an education," says 13-year-old Yulianto who has spent half his life in an orphanage.

Some parents argue that education is worth the emotional toll. "I just want him to get a proper education," says one mother who had to take her 11-year old to an orphanage. "I hope that one day he'll do something useful for this country and help his brothers, because we are living in poverty."

Photo: sektordua (flickr)

The average age of marriage for Yemeni girls is 12 or 13. Photo: Brajeshwar (flickr)

An article last week by the International Herald Tribune reported how Arwa Abdu Muhammad ran out of her husband’s house to a local hospital in Yemen, where she said her husband had beat and raped her for the last eight months. Arwa is nine years old.

Arwa sparked an international debate over child marriage. In Yemen and elsewhere, child marriages are a powerful illustration of misogyny and how it hurts developing economies.

The Global Gender Gap Index explains that women are a very important factor in the economy — when children are forced into young marriages, it leads to high rates of maternal and child mortality, an uneducated populace, and loss of economic opportunity.

The statistics speak for themselves. General health expert Dr. Abdullah Al-Kamil says a recent study found that the average age of marriage in Yemen is 12 or 13, and as Al-Kamil noted, “The problem here isn’t only early marriage, but also early pregnancy – and in most cases, early death.”

In a country where 30 percent of women between 15 and 19 have at least one child, early marriage and sky high maternal mortality rates are major causes of continuing poverty and underdevelopment. Suha Bashren, a policy officer from Oxfam, said she had no doubt that child brides were a significant reason Yemen’s ranking has recently fallen on the UN’s Human Development Index.

Yet in Yemen, poverty and conservative social values are driving forces in child marriage. Most parents in Yemen continue to believe that the earlier they marry their daughters, the better off their daughters will be. Early marriage is also encouraged by parents’ fears of girls being kidnapped and forcibly married, which is not uncommon.

Conservative Islamists supporting child marriage gained power after north and south Yemen reunited in 1990. In a government which recently modified laws to legally allow children under the age of 15 to marry, those against child marriage are a minority.

Because of Arwa’s bravery, child marriage is now being discussed. A few members of Parliament, such as Abdulbari Dughaish, are trying to change the laws in spite of religious opposition. The negative press within Yemen and internationally may be these children’s best hope for change — and their community's best hope for economic progress.

Fisheries are being demolished, while nations argue over who and what is to blame. Photo: Christingo (flickr)

As fisheries decline, nations are busy arguing over who's to blame. Japan is pointing to whales as a culprit, and in doing so, drawing the ire of conservationists and scientists.

Japan has claimed that whales' eating habits are responsible for the diminishing numbers of fish. Many say this is because Japan has been campaigning to end the ban on whale hunting and is looking for international support.

At the annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission, a coalition of conservation groups and scientists accused Japan of dodging responsibility for the declining stocks.

Daniel Pauly, director of a renowned fisheries research center, said whales are "no more responsible than the Martians" and that Japan's accusation "prevents the very small resources of West African countries from being devoted to understanding the real reasons why their fisheries are declining."

According to Dr. Pauly’s decade-long study, only about 1 percent of what whales eat is also desired by human consumers.

He and others blame not whales but East Asian and European fishing fleets trolling the coast of West Africa.

"Unless we fundamentally change the way we manage all the ocean species together, as working ecosystems," says Stanford's Steve Palumbi, "then this century is the last century of wild seafood.”

Here's one thing you can do to make sure that doesn't happen: Urge the U.S. Senate to ratify the Law of the Sea Treaty, which would ensure that the world's oceans are managed sustainably.

The World Wildlife Federation, whose website offers letters you can email to your Senator and e-postcards to alert your friends, gives ample reason why the law is needed:

"Two-thirds of fish stocks that supply the global market have been overexploited or fished to maximum capacity; more than half of the world's coral reefs are threatened by human activity; and close to one-fifth of Southeast Asia's reefs have been damaged or destroyed by coral bleaching.

The once-thriving practice of outsourcing manufacturing may be thwarted by rising energy costs.

According to the Wall Street Journal, many U.S. manufacturers have halted plans to build factories overseas because the costs to transport goods back home have risen. Some, such as the heater manufacturer DESA LLC, are even considering moving production back to the U.S. "My cost of getting a shipping container here from China just keeps going up — and I don't see any end in sight," said DESA retail heating division president Claude Hayes. The company now considers itself lucky to have kept its old U.S. factories.

The return of DESA's heaters to the U.S. coincides with a new report by CIBC World Markets called "Will Soaring Transport Costs Reverse Globalization?" The report argues that high energy costs could potentially reverse the outsourcing that has occurred in some areas of manufacturing. Foreign trade cannot expect the same opportunities to develop markets in India as there were 30 years ago because of today's high energy costs. This situation could give countries closer to the U.S. like Mexico a little more appeal in the future than current economic giants such as China.

But do not expect outsourcing — the major transformer of world economies in the last 30 years — to go silently into the night. As Andrew Leonard points out in his article "Who Needs Tariffs When You Have Expensive Oil?" high energy prices do not affect all aspects of global trade, including the areas of telecommunications and computers. For example, the software industry in India will continue to thrive because it thrives on cheap Internet and not natural resources. So while some manufacturing may feel the pressure of high oil prices, American companies will continue to outsource in other ways.

Energy costs won't likely come down anytime soon. Could American manufacturing make a comeback?

Photo: Mark oh! (flickr)

Children working in the Stung Meanchey Dump in Cambodia. Photo: EB78 (flickr)

Have you ever wondered what happens to the garbage after you leave it on the curb?

In developing countries, trash from the cities are commonly picked through by the poor and unwanted members of society. These trash pickers go by many names: the Zabaleen in Egypt, pepenadores in Mexico, and ragpickers in India.

These people rely on trash for their livelihoods. They spend hours sorting through these huge piles of rancid waste by hand. For them, almost everything is reusable. Organic materials are used to feed their livestock; recyclable materials are washed and resold. Indian ragpickers make only 100-150 rupees ($2.50-$3.75) for eight hours of sifting.

These overlooked members of society perform an important service for the rest of the population. In Delhi, ragpickers "represent almost 1% of Delhi's total population and handle about 20% of the city's enormous daily waste," according to Paul Colombini, who created a website on which Delhi recyclers can tell their own stories. It is estimated that these ragpickers save the city 600,000 rupees a day in trash disposal costs.

Though this work is dirty and smelly, they take pride knowing the invaluable service they perform.

We don't like attention. Rubbish is never attractive and we're quite happy carrying on quietly ... but our work supports a whole industry that's virtually invisible to most people.

Photo: Premshree Pillai(flickr)

It must be frustrating to live in a major city but face daily power outages, water shortages and the stench of manure from urban-dwelling farm animals. Any reprise from this life would be welcome.

In India, gated communities are fast becoming popular for the people that can afford them. But the protected oasis provided by many of these communities is a quick fix to India's infrastructure problems, rather than a long-term solution.

In recent years India has witnessed a boom in the upper-middle class, much of it due to outsourced jobs from the U.S. and Europe. This population can afford some of the luxuries not available to all Indians, such as reliably running water and electricity, clean streets, even 24-hour security.

They also demand special services, maids, chauffeurs and gardeners. So over time, manual laborers who populate neighborhoods these nouveau riche were trying to flee simply relocate to locations where jobs are available.

“Townships are just one example of how Indian city planners increasingly focus on the upper strata of society and ignore the vast majority of city dwellers,” believes Krishna Menon, director of the TVB School of Habitat Studies in New Dehli.

Menon also points out that gated communities gated reinforce India's traditional caste system, a system the country is trying to shed. A recent New York Times article on India's gated communities suggests that these enclosed home sites, "pressed up against the slums that serve them, has underscored more than ever the stark gulf between those worlds.”

It's not that conditions for the poor are becoming worse. But the lack of infrastructure is becoming more apparent as gated communities face some of the same problems that Indian cities do. A story in Britain's Guardian newspaper says about Central Park, a new community outside of New Dehli,

The power fails, the air-conditioning switches off and the taps run dry. Unscrupulous developers fail to deliver, confident that they will never be prosecuted by India's slow-moving legal system.

Gated communities may provide families with more security, but they don't inoculate residents against the country's deeper structural problems. Since India is the world's largest democracy, where politicians as well as developers are responsive to the upper-middle-class residents, perhaps those residents should use their collective power to bring about changes that would benefit everyone.

Rising gas prices are causing some Californians to head to the border. Photo: Thomas Hawk (flickr)

Rising gas prices are driving Californians to fill up in Mexico, according to the Wall Street Journal.

Gas is approaching $5 a gallon in San Diego — twice as much as it is in neighboring Tijuana. Many Californians not only filling up in Mexico, they're even installing extra-large fuel tanks in pickups and work vehicles for later use, often bringing back enough to sell in California for a large profit.

Suppliers of fuel tanks and San Diego auto shops are happy at the phenomenal business. For example, fuel tank company Transfer Flow made more than half a million dollars in May alone.

But many Mexicans are unhappy about the “gringo invasion," which has meant long lines at gas stations and diesel shortages. This week, the number of Tijuana stations offering diesel dropped significantly. Many stations are beginning to refuse to serve Americans.

Historically Pemex, the Mexican state oil monopoly, set gas prices along the border within a few cents of U.S. prices, deterring motorists from comparison shopping. But as gas prices have shot up in the U.S., Mexico has kept its prices down with massive government subsidies to keep gas affordable for Mexican citizens. But these subsidies are causing problems for the government's budget. In fact, an additional $20 billion dollar subsidy was added to the Mexican federal budget as an emergency measure in May, as part of an effort bolster the economy.

And because Mexico doesn’t have the refinery capacity to turn their own oil into gasoline, it imports a large percentage of its gas from the U.S.. So by subsidizing the fuel — and then reselling it to U.S. citizens at cheap rates — the Mexican government is losing money any way you look at it.

Photo: youngrobv (flickr)

A bike can change a life.

The benefits of a bike can range from awakening your inner child to being an eco-friendly commuter. In a developing country, however, the simple bike becomes a locally sustainable method of alleviating poverty and building healthy communities.

The bicycle means greater access to educational and economic opportunities. (Cool fact: A bike can go three or four times faster than the pedestrian and uses five times less energy.) But in communities where people make only a few hundred dollars a year, a bicycle that costs an average of $100 is financially out of reach.

To help bridge the gap, various organizations have sprung up as bicycle distributors for developing communities mostly in Africa.

World Bicycle Relief, an organization fighting the HIV/AIDS crisis in Zambia, describes the power of bicycles in its mission statement:

Simple, sustainable transportation is an essential element in disaster assistance and poverty relief. Bicycles fulfill basic needs by providing access to healthcare, education and economic development. Bicycles empower individuals, their families, and their communities. Our mission is to provide access to independence and livelihood through The Power of Bicycles.

Organizations like this depend on donated bikes, which they then ship to community-based organizations that employ and train locals as bike mechanics. In Namibia, the Bicycling Empowerment Network has bicycle workshops (called Bicycle Empowerment Centres) stocked with tools and bicycle parts that act as the hub for bike distribution and repairs.

Even grassroots groups in the U.S. have joined the cause. Bikes to Rwanda, a project supported by Stumptown Coffee in Portland, Ore., ships cargo bicycles to farmers in a Rwandan coffee cooperative.

With today’s gas prices, cycling is a more attractive alternative for residents of places from Amsterdam to Zambia. But bikes aren't limited to transport anymore. They can be modified to sharpen knives, double as an ambulance, and even filter and store water — all innovative adaptations geared towards positive social change.

Photo: Swiss.frog's photostream (flickr)

Working Villages International (WVI) is an NGO with a unique take on how to eliminate poverty in Africa. Their new initiative, Village Reliance, aims to combat poverty directly, rather than dealing only with its effects. They want to give people the skills and tools to take control of their own lives and bring themselves out of poverty.

The goal of this program is to build a village that will be environmentally and economically self-sustainable for people living in the Ruzizi Valley of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

They are building from scratch a model village which will have full employment, private ownership of small farms and businesses, zero carbon footprint and total 100 percent recycling. This project is a practical demonstration that it’s possible to profoundly increase living standards in rural Africa without hampering local culture and ingenuity.

In the future, WVI hopes to spread these villages across the DRC and the entire continent.

Albanian women took vows of virginity to live as men in patriarchal society. Photo: Marielito (flickr)

In the U.S., cross-dressing is considered an oddity. In Northern Albania, not only is it commonplace, but it's been around for 500 years.

A fascinating article in the International Herald Tribune talks about the unique Albanian custom known as sworn virginity. Pashe Keqi is 78 years old. She has been living like a man — dressing, eating, and interacting on equal terms with other men — since she was 20. Her father was murdered in a blood feud and her brothers killed fighting Albania’s communist regime, so becoming a man was her only way to support her family.

"Back then, it was better to be a man because, before, a woman and an animal were considered the same thing," Keqi says. But being a sworn virgin means she gave up marriage, children, and sex — because traditionally only a man could bring her family security.

As an American woman, it terrifies me that such a ritual could until very recently be necessary for women to play an equal role in society. At the same time, since I live in a country still burdened by homophobia, it's also incredible to read about a society in which women can live as men without stigma.

There's something tragic about the loss of such a rare ritual, even if it shows that Albanian women have made great strides. After the fall of the Communist regime and exposure to the outside world, Albania granted its women increased status and power. They play a role in the economy outside the home. But change has also meant the loss of their native culture and regional identity.

In a society that now allows Internet dating, perhaps it's no surprise that the custom of sworn virginity is fast disappearing.

The Green Jobs Act puts $125 million to developing green jobs in the U.S. Photo: Rain Forest Action Network (flickr)

The unemployed in the U.S. may be taking the next big steps to solve our climate crisis.

The U.S. House of Representative recently approved the Green Jobs Act of 2007, which provides $125 million dollars to fund national and state job training programs in green industries, such as energy efficient buildings and construction, renewable electric power, and energy efficient transportation. It also researches new jobs and skills that are created by growing renewable energy and energy efficiency industries. This research is then used to develop job standards and create training programs.

The Green Jobs Act would create jobs that allow people in poverty programs to become self sufficient. Priority for the training programs would go to veterans, displaced workers, and at risk youth. The Senate has passed a similar bill, and a conference committee is meeting to work out the different versions.

The Green Jobs Act was largely supported by the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, as part of founder Van Jones’ Green Collar Job Campaign, which argues that the only way for a green economy to succeed is for all sectors of society to be equally involved and equally benefiting.

As Van Jones explains, “It’s not a hand out here; you’re really connecting people who most need work with the work that most needs to get done.”

One of India's most famous exports, Darjeeling tea, is under threat from an indefinite strike by an ethnic Nepalese Gorkhas demanding greater autonomy in the region.

Protesters clashed with police last week, disrupting transport links, blocking road access, and shutting down many businesses in the Darjeeling hills, home to hundreds of tea gardens that produce the world-famous tea.

The crisis comes at a critical peak period for plucking highly priced "second flush" tea leaves. According to Siliguri Tea Traders Association's secretary, the unrest has caused the country's tea industry to lose the equivalent of $470,000 a day.

The Gorkhas are fighting for a separate state in West Bengal. They claim that the Indian government discriminates against them, and that they don't receive the services and infrastructure they deserve.

But while local tea exporters are becoming increasingly worried, those hardest hit by the shutdown are the tens of thousands of workers and their families whose economic wellbeing depend on the tea gardens. According to NDTV, "the shutdown means uncertainty for over 50,000 permanent workers in the tea gardens, and no wages for around 100,000 temporary workers."

Government officials are hesistant to grant the Gorkhas autonomy because they fear losing control of one of their prized exports. But the unrest threatens the tea industry's health, which is why West Bengal officials are said to be "keen" on talks to resolve the issue.

A Darjeeling tea estate in India. Photo: nac888 (flickr)

Highway 13 runs from China in the north of Laos to Cambodia in the south. Photo: sivanelle (flickr)

The isolated hills in landlocked Laos have become the newest portion of a multi-billion-dollar highway system connecting China to Southeast Asia. Laos, a region once impoverished by decades of conflict and isolation, now finds itself in the middle of a fast-paced flow of people, goods and services benefiting from China and the Asian Development Bank’s decade-long plan for an integrated regional trade route.

A new road linking Laos to its richer neighbors brings up the question of balance between rapid economic progress and environmental protection in less-developed countries. While Laos is certainly among the world’s most environmentally pristine countries, and for that reason an appealing backpacking destination, its people seek a life beyond meager trading in opium and tiger bones.

Laos is the final link in a 6,500-kilometer overland route expected to boost trade and tourism from Singapore to Beijing. Supporters of this regional highway network argue that the new trade route will help reduce poverty by providing access to markets, income, and employment opportunities. According to the International Herald Tribune, total trade between China and the Southeast Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam has risen from $5.7 billion a decade ago to $53 billion in 2007. The highways will also provide people with easier access to social services, such as health clinics, and increase revenue in the tourism sector.

Critics from abroad, however, are quick to argue that the network of highways will contribute to widespread pollution and natural resource depletion as well as promote illegal wildlife and timber trade.

For Laotians, the concerns aren't environmental but social.

Lao expert Martin Stuart-Fox of Australia's University of Queensland said many Lao people now feared the "truck-stop development" of their country.

"Lao friends of mine fear that social ills such as HIV/AIDS and prostitution will flourish, and that it will make it easier to lure young Lao to be exploited — sexually and otherwise — in Thailand and Vietnam."

Photo: Michael Foley Photography (flickr)

Move over Italy. Developing countries are the up-and-coming leaders of the leather market, boasting cheaper production costs and fewer environmental regulations.

There is a good chance that your soccer ball, leather belt or aviator jacket was tanned in one of Pakistan’s 2,500 leather factories in the industrial centers of Karachi, Kasur, and Sialkot. The factories mostly employ poor people from neighboring areas, especially young children who will work for cheap wages. In one town alone, Kasur, more than 700 children worked in leather-tanning factories, according to the International Labor Organization.

NPR's Marketplace recently profiled a 17-year-old Pakistani boy, Mohmen, who's worked in the tanning industry since he was 13.

Like so many of Pakistan’s child workers, Mohmen has sacrificed his childhood to support his family. He has toiled in a hazardous leather tanning factory for four years. Six days a week Mohmen moves animal skins from a cart to a conveyor belt.

His heavy workload is not the only thing in the factory that will begin to take a toll on Mohmen. A 1996 Swedish study found that leather tannery workers experience an increased risk of cancer due to their exposure to toxic chemicals.

Mohmen would like to leave and go home to his family but he knows that he cannot. “How can I go home if I have to keep paying somebody? I keep paying what my family owes.” He is just a kid, but he is in an adult world where there is no rest from poverty's harsh realities.

Ciclovía Documentary shot by Streetfilms

Bogotá, Colombia is holding a 70-mile long block party. And everyone’s invited.

Ciclovía — "bike path" in Spanish — is an event that closes down major roads for pedestrian use every Sunday and holiday from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. Created in 1976, it rapidly grew from eight miles and 140,000 bicyclists to 70 miles and an average of 1.5 million weekly riders. Ciclovía is championed as a community building event that attracts people from all backgrounds for a day of biking, walking, skating and dancing in the streets.

In the above video, Bogota’s former park commissioner Guillermo (Gil) Penalosa discusses Ciclovía’s main appeal: social integration.

You will see people in $5,000 bikes and others in $50 bikes, and all having the same fun! Rich and poor, young and old, men and woman, tall or short... ALL!

Cited for “endless benefits” such as the improvement of personal and public health, Ciclovía has inspired other cities to develop similar programs, including Guadalajara, Mexico; Quito, Ecuador; Santiago, Chile; and Paris, where an expressway along the Seine is transformed into a pedestrian refuge one month out of the summer.

Cities in the U.S. are also developing similar programs, starting with El Paso, Texas. This Sunday Portland, Ore., is clearing 6 miles of roadway for six hours in its inaugural "Sunday Parkways." New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced his city's plans for Ciclovía-like event this August that would stretch from 72nd to the Brooklyn Bridge along Park Avenue.

Events such as Ciclovía are not only free, but they also bring all sorts of people together to get healthy and build a happy community. It seems like a no-brainer that every city should have a Ciclovía!