Malaria nets. Photo: Tomas de la Maza (flickr)

Is malaria's reign of terror coming to an end?

Every year, 500 million people fall seriously ill with malaria — a disease that induces fever, chills, nausea, flu-like illness and, without treatment, coma and death. More than 1 million people die each year from malaria — almost all in the developing world. The near-universal poverty of its victims is one reason it has not received the attention, and therefore the money, necessary to secure its demise.

Even in the face of these scary statistics, malaria may be about to meet it's match. The Economist reports a renewed sense of interest in its eradication, mainly because it jeopardizes the UN's Millennium Development Goals, a set of benchmarks in health, education and human welfare that world leaders committed to attain by 2015.

There's a cost-benefit rationale, too. Malaria costs Africa upwards of $12 billion a year in health expenses and lost productivity. Yet a five-year eradication plan might cost as little as $2.2 billion a year, according to a report by Malaria No More and McKinsey & Company.

With these numbers in mind, last week the UN unveiled a new campaign to fight malaria at its most critical spots. The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership — created to "enable sustained delivery and use of the most effective prevention and treatment for those affected most by malaria — staged the first World Malaria Day last week. It coincided with a UN plan to spray inside houses and distribute insecticide-treated bed nets to "all people at risk" of the disease by the end of 2010.

Any effort to stamp out malaria must deal with an added layer of complexity. When diminished but not destroyed, malaria can come back with a vengeance. Any letup in the eradication campaign may end up actually increasing the numbers of those at risk.

But considering how much malaria undermines the war on poverty, a risk taken to ensure its eradication may be a risk worth taking.

Photo: Finbarr O'Reilly/Reuters

For months we have been following increasingly urgent reports about food scarcity, rising prices and vulnerable populations. Last week, the World Food Program said the crisis is a silent tsunami that is "threatening to plunge more than 100 million people on every continent into hunger."

The World Food Program says it has never seen a crisis of this proportion. Analysts expect it will be difficult to reverse in the short term. The Financial Times says humanitarian aid at levels comparable to Indonesia's 2004 tsunami response will be needed to prevent the starvation of millions.

For Mercy Corps the increase in food prices is hurting the very people our program staff around the world are working to support.

Reports from those working most closely with affected communities confirm that the situation is dire — and has the potential to grow much worse.

Penny Anderson, Mercy Corps' food security program officer, told OPB radio: "I've been working with Mercy Corps for over eight years now and I have never seen anything like it."

In Niger, prices of bread, powdered milk and wheat flour have spiked, exacerbating the West African nation's precarious food situation. Currently about two-thirds of the population is at serious risk, with shortages pushing the country closer to famine.

In Syria, spiraling food prices have forced Mercy Corps to cut back on the amount of food we can buy and distribute to hundreds of Iraqi refugee families.

In Tajikistan, where Mercy Corps recently distributed blankets and generators to help residents keep warm during an unusually harsh winter, about 40 percent of households in the Rasht Valley are down to no more than one warm meal a day. Neighboring Kazakhstan has suspended wheat exports — shutting off Tajikistan's primary supply of the grain.

Like several other humanitarian aid agencies, Mercy Corps has established a Global Food Crisis fund to help its field teams respond to needs arising from the worst global food crisis in recent memory.

Photo: voxphoto (flickr)

In a span of just ten days, 7,400 Cubans signed new mobile phone contracts. On April 14, President Raul Castro lifted a ban restricting ordinary citizens from purchasing personal cell phones. The number of contracts is impressive, the BBC reports, considering that a cell phone in Cuba costs six times the average monthly salary.

Under Raul's brother Fidel, only government officials and people working for foreign firms were allowed to own cell phones. In addition to lifting the ban on personal cell phones, Raul Castro has lifted restrictions on DVDs, car rentals and other goods.

What more changes in Raul Castro's Cuba lie ahead?

This short segment from Reuters discusses the impact of rising food prices on standards of living around the world. This is a terrific snapshot overview of the dynamics at play in the current world food crisis.

Alternatives to Plastic: Home Gardens. Photo: key lime_pie (flickr)

I recently came upon a blog by a Chicago woman committed to living as close to a plastic-free life as possible. Her journey to a life without plastic began last September, and over the months her postings about her adventures and increasing knowledge have gathered an audience in the thousands.

The statistics about our reliance on plastics are shocking: According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the amount of plastic in our waste stream has increased from less than 1 percent in 1960 to 11.7 percent in 2006. And, while Americans drank 50 billion bottles of water in 2006, 38 billion of those ended up in the trash, according to Fast Company magazine.

The anonymous blogger, whose blog is titled Life Less Plastic, explains that she's doing this for personal health reasons, as well to do better by the environment. Among her most popular posts is an entry describing "What I'm Doing to Be Mostly Plastic-Free," which includes:

10. Washing my dishes with Dr. Bronner's bar soap. It works! I'm not kidding!
11. Bringing my own stainless steel coffee mug to the coffee shop. This is important because paper cups are lined with plastic.
12. Bringing along a reusable water bottle or mug for water, and NEVER drinking bottled water.
13. Bringing my own takeout containers to restaurants in case I have leftovers. This sounds embarrassing, but no one has ever even noticed that I've brought my own container except for the people I'm with.
14. Not buying aluminum food cans, excluding canned tomatoes and vegetable broth, which I haven't been able to give up yet. Hopefully, I can/jar some tomatoes this summer and do away with this plastic use, though.

In a society where plastic is pervasive and packaging alternatives are few, even Life Less Plastic's author hasn't been able to do without medicine, which comes in plastic bottles; toothpaste; and even some packaged foods she hasn't been able to find in the bulk section of nearby supermarkets.

Plastics have been around for a while, but we are only beginning to understand their potentially negative consequences. Without plastic, we wouldn't have seen the advances in science and medicine we saw in the last century. However, as the Chicago blogger points out, there are a lot of ways to "live a life less plastic."

Photo: greenhem (flickr)

Plastic bags have long been associated with litter and waste. The world uses tens of billions of plastic bags every year – bags that end up hanging from trees, traveling along freeways, escaping garbage cans and waste dumps.

Plastic-bag recycling rates are extremely low – about 1 to 3 percent worldwide, according to Reusablebags.com.

While plastics have helped us in many ways – medical advances, for one – by now we are seeing an increasing amount of wasteful uses. The mass production and ubiquitousness of plastic bags has hit a nerve in many developing countries. Lawmaking bodies in every region of the world have begun to regulate the use of plastics — and some are even banning the use of plastic bags outright.

Here's a partial list:

India. In August 2005, the state of Maharashtra initiated a bag ban after bags "blocked sewage and drainage systems during record monsoon rains," according to The Guardian. "Flooding and landslides killed more than 1,000 people in the state.” Anyone seen with a plastic bag can be fined 1,000 rupees, or about $25.

Kenya. The East African nation has enforced new regulations banning production and distribution of light-density bags, according to Nairobi's Business Daily (as reported by allAfrica.com). Three years ago, Kenyan researchers had appealed for a ban, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai had argued that plastic bags can lead to malaria, because discarded bags left outside can fill with rainwater and breed disease-carrying mosquitoes.

Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya's neighbors also banned the use of all disposable one-use plastic bags nationwide. One Ugandan blogger wrote that “This seemingly radical step has a direct connection to human health and also to environmental well-being of citizens across Africa. Apart from the fossil fuel usage needed in their production, plastic bags have a remarkable ability to pollute across borders.”

China. Authorities announced that by this June, one-use plastic bags will be outlawed in the hope that residents will return to their old habit of using cloth bags and baskets. "Beijing residents appeared to take the ban in stride, reflecting rising environmental consciousness and concern over skyrocketing oil prices," reports National Geographic.

Some developed nations also have taken drastic steps to reduce the impact of plastics. Ireland, for example, imposed a 33-cent tax in 2002. It worked quickly to depress demand. According to the New York Times, the use of plastic bags dropped 94 percent within weeks.

A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman has declared that a recent shipment of arms from China to Zimbabwe is completely unrelated to the current post-election tension in the country and is part of “perfectly normal trade in military goods between China and Zimbabwe.” But this hasn’t stopped the 300,000 member South African Transport and Allied Workers Union from refusing to unload the shipment.

The South African workers refusal to accept the arms shipment has been publically echoed by the governments of Angola, Mozambique, Namibia and Tanzania with their refusal to accept the arms and ship them overland to Zimbabwe. The U.S. has voiced its support of these countries on the matter and urged the Chinese government to recall the shipment. Although the South African government itself has not endorsed the refusal of the weapons, South African citizen action coupled with the support of neighboring countries has essentially created an informal embargo of the Chinese weapons. These actions contrast sharply with President Thabo Mbeki’s policy of quiet diplomacy, and refusal to deem Zimbabwe's current political and economic woes a "crisis."

I think this story is an incredibly powerful demonstration of the power individuals and governments have when they work together to take a stand on an issue.

Photo: Jeremy Barnicle/Mercy Corps

There's at least one commodity in the world whose rising price is benefiting rural families rather than bankrupting them.

Tea farmers in China's Yunnan Province are prospering thanks to rising popularity of Pu'er tea in Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong. A few decades ago, the ancient tea was widely unknown, but recently has become fashionable for its celebrated health benefits. Some Chinese believe the tea can help you lose weight and even cure cancer.

The price of Pu'er tea has risen dramatically in recent years. In 2004, a kilo of Pu'er sold for about $1. By last year the price of that same one kilo had risen to $800, although it still varies widely depending on where it's grown and how it's aged. (Last year, for example, 17.5 ounces of Pu'er tea from the 1940s sold for $125,000, according to the International Herald Tribune.) Chinese investors are saying aged Pu'er tea is a better investment than stocks or gold.

Thankfully, the wealth from Pu'er is trickling down to the tea farmers and pickers. The New York Times reports that in the hilltop village of Manmai, the unexpected fortune has permitted villagers to build their homes using concrete rather than sticks and reeds. In peak tea-picking season, young workers can earn up to $1000 a month, which is more than their peers are making in Beijing's factories — a rare rural wage advantage in today's industrialized China.

A scramble for Africa’s resources and major manufacturing outlets has begun. India and China are emerging as competitors as each country looks to make its mark on the continent. India attempted to entice African leaders last week at an India-Africa Summit. The aim was to persuade them to welcome Indian investment. They are pushing to keep up with China’s plans to meet with African leaders at an even bigger summit they plan to host in May.

What could make India the one to successfully invest in Africa? For one, India has a history of close relations in Africa dating back to colonial times. Recently, India has also been a major aid donor to Africa along with sending about 9,000 UN Peacekeepers to the continent. However, India has tried to separate its recent efforts from China’s presence in Africa by insisting its interests are mostly focused on development.

Could India find a place as a new economic powerhouse in Africa?

What impact is the U.S. economic slowdown having on developing countries? Matt Homer of the World Politics Review writes that the weakening U.S. dollar is having an adverse effect on individuals in developing countries relying on remittances for large parts of their income. A bigger problem, however, is that the negative impact of the declining dollar is likely to go beyond the individual level. For a number of developing countries, remittances make up a significant percentage of total GDP, and several countries are already expressing concern that a decrease in remittances could hurt their entire economies.

In Tonga, for example, remittances account for just over 32 percent of the country’s total GDP. Yet because up to 80 percent of all remittances come from sources in the U.S., there is concern that continued declines in the U.S. economy “will hit Tonga extremely hard.” Economists in Nicaragua are also predicting that “any decline in the amount of remittances will undoubtedly affect consumerism within the Nicaraguan economy.” While around 40 percent of Nicaraguans receive remittances, most of which come from the U.S., economists estimate that almost 90 percent of remittance money sent to the country is spent in the local consumer economy.

April 22 marks the 38th celebration of Earth Day. In honor of the day, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) is presenting its Champions of Earth award. In 2004, the UNEP established the international environment award to celebrate the contributions of "individuals from every region of the world that have shown extraordinary leadership on environmental issues."

The UNEP is recognizing Dr. Balgis Osman-Elasha, a leading climate change researcher from Sudan. Dr. Balgis Osman-Elasha is considered to be at the forefront of climate change research and is a leading author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Dr. Osman-Elasha is seen by many as a role model for African women. She uses her knowledge and leadership skills to advance understanding of climate change and educate university students in Sudan about the impact and implications of climate change. She is changing the world, and starting at home.

Photo: unity.project

A World Economic Forum report found Arab states made the greatest improvements in technology readiness last year — an important precursor to business development. The annual Global Information Technology Report compares 127 nations to determine which countries are "best positioned to compete in the information-intensive twenty-first century economy."

Photo: kaysha (flickr)

As Haitians take to the streets over rising food prices and Americans fret at the gas pump, South Americans seem to be weathering the hemisphere's economic storm fairly well.

According to The Economist, on the whole, South American economies are doing better now than at any time since the 1960s, growing an average of 5 percent a year since 2004. So far, the U.S. credit crunch has had little noticeable affect on South America's economy. In fact, some investors are buying even more South American bonds than ever due to declining U.S. interest rates. And with their expanding economies and low cost of living, South America is becoming more popular for North American property investors.

In the near future, The Economist says, it's expected that the mild U.S. recession and slowing world economy will curb South America's economic growth only slightly. But some economists attribute the past years' steady growth to global economic conditions which may not be so favorable in the future. The real concern is what happens in 2009, when decreased remittances and decreased demand for exports take their toll.

Photo: Geoff Oliver Bugbee for Mercy Corps

A few months ago, I wrote about a team of journalists reporting on water issues and conflict in Kenya and Ethiopia, where a tremendous drought is spreading across the region. Pastoralists — herders whose livelihoods depend on the animals they breed and tend — are running out of water and pasture land. As a result, they are crossing borders and traditional tribal boundaries in pursuit of water. This search for scarce resources is leading to tensions, as The East African Standard reports from Nairobi:

"There is already a build-up of inter and intra clan tensions over water and pasture," says the DO [District Officer]. In fact, he says, they have had to quell inter clan clashes at Sake, with the assistance of elders. Those far away from the Ethiopian border have been left at the mercy of nature, the Government and development agencies, to provide water.

In Ethiopia, the reporting team created a film that compellingly illustrates the oncoming crisis. “Pastoralists are more vulnerable to drought than they were 40 years ago," the film tells us. "Researchers predict that they will be some of the first people on Earth forced to abandon their way of life due to climate change.”

Previous posts have examined how private enterprise can fight poverty through "creative capitalism" and corporate social responsibility. But one old idea made the rounds this week, albeit with a new spin: helping the poor by taxing global financial transactions.

The plan, proposed by Stephan Schulmeister of Austria's Institute of Economic Research, would tax global financial transactions — such as stock trades — at a rate of around one-hundredth of a percentage point. Even at this miniscule rate, Schulmeister estimates that such a global micro-tax could bring in revenue of up to $230 billion a year. Theoretically, this money would be used to finance development aid and projects aimed at helping the poorest cope with problems like climate change and rising food prices.

But the idea is not without its critics. Research from the World Bank notes that while the basic philosophy behind such taxes is economically sound, determining how to redistribute the revenue is likely to be politically problematic. An essay on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's website also wonders whether micro-taxes are administratively feasible or whether political leaders would actually use the tax revenue for development.